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Comparative Analysis of Self-Efficacy of Students with Congenital and Acquired Visual Impairment

Tayyaba Azhar — 2025-12-26

The research was conducted to examine the comparison between self-efficacy of congenital and acquired visual impairment. The research questions of my study are 1. Was there any difference in self-efficacy levels between 2 groups of the students with congenital and acquired visual impairment? 2. Was there any difference among academic self-efficacy of SVI from grades 6th to 8th on the basis of education sector? 3. Was there any difference in the social self-efficacy of SVI from grades 6th to 8th on the basis of socio-economic status? A sample of 120 visually impaired students (N=120) aged 10-19 (75 males, 62.5%; 45 females, 37.5%) of different government and private sector institutes of Lahore was taken. A self-administered questionnaire was developed to measure the study variable named self-efficacy. The independent sample t-test and ANOVA showed the significant difference between self-efficacy of congenital and acquired visual impairment.The conclusion of this research was there was a significant difference between the self-efficacy of congenital and acquired visual impairment. This research is beneficial for the discipline of special education, educational authorities, instructors/teachers of special students, researchers and professionals, etc.

Comparative Analysis of Usability Evaluation between Upwork and Fiverr Websites

Abdul Hafeez Muhammad — 2025-12-07

Millions of people, are becoming freelancer, today, but choosing the right place to connect with clients remains a challenge. Upwork and Fiverr are two prominent platforms, used for freelancing purposes. These websites are useful for people who want to work from home or with businesses that need essential help for projects. In this research, the usability of freelancing platforms is evaluated, with the help of System Usability Scale (SUS). The SUS is a widely popular and recognized tool, that helps to gather quantitative data from user to check its satisfaction for usability. To assess this satisfaction, we have conducted an online survey which is derived from the SUS questions. Data was collected from 103 students or freelancers, 44 people are male, whereas 59 people are female. The results show that 52 people give review about Fiverr and the average SUS score of it, is 61.01%, having marginal acceptability ranges, holding Grade C, passive on Net Promoter Scale (NPS) and have OK category on adjective ratings, while 51 people give review about Upwork and average SUS score of them is 49.80%, having low acceptability ranges, holding F grade, detractor on NPS and Poor category on adjective ratings. Our research shows that users believe Fiverr website is OK to use while Upwork is not. Furthermore, these websites need improvements in terms of complexity and consistency.

A Quantitative Study of Cognitive, Affective, and Instructional Barriers to Learning Physics at the College Level

Dr. Muhammad Khan — 2025-12-01

A significant gap exists between desired learning objectives and observed students’ learning outcomes in college-level physics. The present study explored the role of cognitive and affective factors on students learning and their attitude towards learning physics. The present study aimed to test the Integrated Physics Learning Difficulty Model (IPLDM) by examining the associations between mathematical preparedness, physics anxiety, learning strategies, perceived difficulty of the subject , and academic performance. The study was a descriptive in nature where data were collected through cross-sectional survey. All college level science students of district Attock constituted the population. Data were collected from 106 college students using a 5-Point Likert type scale. Diagnostic test was conducted for the purpose of triangulation. Data were analysed using one-sample t- test, paired-samples t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficients. The findings revealed that that students with stronger math skills found physics less challenging. Mismatch was observed between students’ self-perceived mathematical preparedness and diagnostic test. Students perceived physics a difficult subject. Although students showed positive approach toward self-regulated learning, they were not self-confident in learning physics and showed low self- efficacy. Low self-efficacy is the indicator of low achievement in cognitive and affective domain. The findings validate core components of the IPLDM, demonstrating that cognitive resources and affective factors are considerable predictors of students' perceived difficulty and strategic approach to learning physics. The study suggests interventions targeting physics anxiety and mathematical skills.

Exploring Barriers to Women Political Participation in the General Elections (2024): A Case Study of District Mansehra

Zainab Dawood — 2025-09-30

Women have been playing a very significant role in the political history of a country. Their participation and active involvement in the legislative and executive branch always strengthen democratic values and improve governance system. This article aims at exploring their participation through voting, getting elected to the legislature, gender equality and public offices in District Mansehra, Pakistan. Social barriers, family restrictions, patriarchal societies and lack of education may hinder them from proper working. The study is based upon qualitative research approach utilizing both primary and secondary sources for the thematic analysis. To substantiate their experience a total of fifteen women were interviewed who contested the 2024 general elections dilating upon their issues and challenges in the way of their political participation. Findings of the study pinpoint the financial dependence of women, social restrictions, and dominant role of patriarchal society. Recommendations of the study encompass a comprehensive policy reforms, need for encouragement and doing away with male dominated societies.

Thinking about Thinking: Metacognitive Self–Regulation and Gender Differences

Nida Ayaz — 2025-09-30

Learning is a complex process which requires crucial skills in learners like self-regulatory skills of planning, monitoring and evaluation. The purpose of the current study was to determine the awareness level of these important skills of students. The University of Peshawar's B.Ed (Hons) program (2014–2015) was the sole focus of the study. There were 102 male and 127 female B.Ed (Hons) students in the study's population. A ninety student multistage stratified random sample was chosen. The Schraw & Dennison (1994) questionnaire items were used to collect the data. The results were tabulated, calculated as a percentage, and further interpreted in simple language. Other statistical tools, such as the t-test and descriptive statistics, have also been used.

Our Data elicited that pupils employ metacognition for memorization rather than understanding process in learning. Data found females better at goal-oriented learning, planning and comprehending strategies. Students were found to be proficient in self-reflection, self-assessment, appraisal, and self-motivation during the learning process.

Identifying the Level of Performance of Secondary School Head Teachers appointed by PPSC with respect to their Locality

Pakeeza Saeed — 2025-09-30

The study determines the level of performance of secondary school head teachers appointed through Punjab Public Service Commission (PPSC) with respect to their locality. The main objective of the study was to identify the level of performance of rural and urban area’s Head teachers’ performance selected through PPSC. The main hypothesis was that there is no significant difference between the level of performance of rural and urban area’s PPSC appointed head teachers. Quantitative research approach with survey techniques methods were used for data collection. The population included all male and female secondary school head teachers appointed by PPSC, and serving in different localities of District Sargodha. Using a multistage sampling technique, 48 Govt. secondary schools were conveniently selected from urban and rural areas of Tehsil Sargodha, and 48 head teachers along 96 teachers were selected on availability basis. Two developed questionnaires, one for head teachers and the other questionnaire for teachers were used as relevant instruments to gather data from respondents. After Pilot testing, Cronbach’s alpha reliability of both questionnaires were 0.62 and 0.88 respectively. Descriptive statistics were used in analyzing data and reporting the study findings, independent sample t-test and spearman correlation were used to check the extent of difference between urban and rural areas PPSC appointed head teachers’ level of performance in secondary schools. The conclusion of the study was that there was no significant difference between performance level of urban and rural areas PPSC appointed Head teachers. On the basis of conclusion it was recommended that QAED academy may arrange trainings for the urban and rural areas PPSC appointed head teachers and teachers for their better development.

A Study on Investigating the Factors Encouraging Cheating Behavior among Prospective Teachers and Developing Preventing Strategies from Cheating at Mirpur University of Science & Technology (Must) Mirpur AJK

Dr. Haroona Qurban — 2025-09-30

Cheating behavior among prospective educators is an increasing concern, with serious ramifications for the future of the educational system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that promote cheating behavior among aspiring teachers and develop mitigation techniques at Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), which is located in Mirpur, AJK. The research was quantitative in character, with a descriptive survey methodology. Data were collected using a self-created questionnaire directed at potential teachers in the Department of Education. The questionnaire’s reliability was evaluated by pilot testing, which yielded a Cronbach Alpha score of 0.83, indicating that the tool was suitable for the study. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS, which used descriptive statistical approaches such as frequency and percentage. The findings expressed that peer pressure, the desire for excellent marks, fear of failure, parental expectations, and permissive teacher attitudes all had a substantial role in encouraging cheating activity among students. The results also highlighted preventive strategies such as strict exam supervision, the promotion of academic integrity, and awareness campaigns to discourage dishonest activity. It shows that cheating behavior among prospective educators is a complex issue driven by personal, social, and institutional variables that requires immediate response through ethical training and policy-based initiatives to protect academic integrity and professionalism.

Impact of Techno-Stress on Employee Productivity & Burnout

Tanveer Alam — 2025-09-18

This study investigates how techno-stress affects teacher productivity and burnout, aiming to identify strategies to reduce techno-stress and improve workplace efficiency in rural areas of Peshawar. Employing a quantitative, survey-based approach, the study uses a sample of 283 teachers to explore the relationships between techno-stress, burnout, and productivity. This quantitative and Survey based study employs a sample of 283 teachers to look for links between techno-stress and factors like burnout and productivity. The results indicate a strong correlation (R-squared = 63.7%), showing that increased techno-stress is associated with lower productivity and higher levels of burnout. In order to maintain teacher effectiveness and well-being, it is crucial to manage techno-stress in educational settings, as these results demonstrate. The findings align with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), highlighting that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness are crucial for effective technology integration in educational settings. Structured training to increase adaptation, mental health services to fight burnout, & proactive management tactics to lessen digital stress are all suggestions. Future research should adopt longitudinal designs to better understand causal relationships. It should also include urban contexts and examine moderating variables such as resilience and organizational support. Educational administrators and legislators can use the study's findings to better meet the needs of teachers in light of technology advancements and to enhance the quality of instruction they give.

A Comparative Analysis of Assessment Practices and Their Impact on Student Achievement in Rural vs. Urban Government Secondary Schools in Islamabad

Amna Said — 2025-06-30

This research study aimed to examine and compare the assessment practices utilized in rural and urban secondary level students of government colleges of Islamabad. Diagnosing the critical role of effective assessment practices in the enhancement of learning outcomes, the current study focused on the identification of the differences in assessment methods, challenges faced and its effect on students’ achievement in rural and urban settings. This research followed descriptive research design. Moreover, this quantitative research study was conducted using sample of 362 students enrolled at secondary level and 79 teachers from selected colleges selected through double stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire constructed by the researcher. This questionnaire contained various dimensions to measure their performance. To analyse the data statistical analyses including descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to compare assessment approaches and their relationship with academic results. The research findings exposed the existence of disparities between colleges located in urban and rural area of Islamabad. These inequalities could be observed in the conduction of assessments, the extent to which assessments are conducted and provision of feedback to the students. The results identified that formative assessment which focuses on student centred approaches positively correlates with their academic performance. In contrast, the colleges located in rural areas largely depend upon traditional approaches of assessment. As a result, they are behind the urban colleges in the development of critical thinking among learners. Additionally, various challenges that hinder the effectiveness of assessment practices like limited teachers training and inequalities in the system are highlighted. On the basis of detailed findings, the researcher provided recommendations.

Enhancing Academic Productivity through Artificial Intelligence Tools: A Study of University Students

Muhammad Shahzad Mughal — 2025-06-30

The paper examines how artificial intelligence (AI) tools affect academic productivity among university students in Pakistan. As the use of AI tools in higher education rises, students are turning towards using tools such as Grammarly, ChatGPT, and Notion AI to support their academic requirements. The question that needs to be answered through this study is how these tools affect the capability of the student to manage and schedule his or her time properly, finish his or her homework in an efficient way, and increase his or her performance. The quantitative method was applied to sample 300 students based on various disciplines using validated tools such as the University Students Productivity Scale (USPS), the Artificial Intelligence Practices Scale (AIPS). The regression analysis and structural equation modeling found that high AI use was seen as an effective means of improving academic productivity in three areas: management of time, accomplishment of tasks and academic performance. Nevertheless, research results also indicate some issues connected to excessive reliance on AI-created materials. There are practical implications of the paper to an educator, education institution, and technology developers mentioned in the paper with recommendations on cultivating balanced and ethical integration of AI in higher education.

Development of Computer Science Quality Based Multiple choice Questions at the Secondary Level

Ghulam Ume Farwa — 2025-06-30

The study examined development of quality based test items of computer science subject at secondary level. The study was descriptive in nature with quantitative research approach. The data were collected by survey method. A self-developed test was used as instrument for study. The population of the Study was all the higher Secondary Schools of Tehsil Sargodha. A hundred (100) samples of students were selected through convenient sampling. Test items were developed by using the Table of Specifications (TOS). The validity was ensured by 5 experts having 3 PhDs and 2 Subject Specialists. The items were also developed by keeping in view the face and content validity. The reliability of the instrument was 0.775 which was drawn through MS-Excel and SPSS.10 items (1,3,5,6,11,15,24, 32,47,55) were rejected and 23 items (2,4,14,17,18,21,23,26,28,29,30,31,33,35,36,39,40,42,44,45, 51,54,58) were revised on the basis of difficulty and discrimination. From the conclusion it was found that test was well aligned with TOS as it was valid and according to content. Also it was concluded that test was reliable and it had the caliber to use for further analysis. so it was recommended that QAED academy may arrange the trainings for secondary school teachers to develop quality based test items.

Impact of Teachers’ Emotional Support on Psychological Wellbeing of Visually Impaired Students: A case study of AKAB School, Mirpur AJ&K

Haroona Qurban — 2025-06-25

This study exploredthe impact of teachers' emotional support on the psychological well-being of visually impaired students at AKAB School in Mirpur, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir (AJ&K). The primary aim of the research was to examine the extent to which teachers' emotional support influences the mental health and emotional stability of visually impaired students, focusing on key factors such as encouragement, empathy, understanding, and active listening. The research adopts a quantitative methodology, employing structured questionnaires to gather data from visually impaired students of AKAB school. The study's objectives include assessing the level of emotional support provided by teachers, determining the psychological well-being of visually impaired students, and analyzing the relationship between these two variables. All students of AKAB school were the population of the study. Hundred respondents were selected through a purposive sampling technique. Data about teachers’ emotional support and the psychological well-being of visually impaired students was collected through braille questionnaires. Data was analyzed through mean, standard deviation, and correlation tests. Results from the data analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the emotional support provided by teachers and the psychological well-being of visually impaired students. The findings underscore the critical role of teachers in fostering an inclusive and supportive educational environment that promotes mental health and self-confidence among visually impaired students. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of emotional support in enhancing the educational experiences of visually impaired students and offers recommendations for educators and policymakers to develop strategies that address the unique needs of these students. This research contributes to the broader understanding of the role of emotional support in special education and highlights the need for continued focus on teacher-student relationships in promoting psychological well-being.

Enhancing Foundational English Learning through Classroom Practices: A Case Study at a Private University in Bangladesh

SM Samuel Karim — 2025-06-25

The ability to use English effectively is essential for university students in Bangladesh, especially as English continues to play a central role in academic and professional domains. However, despite studying English for over a decade, many students enter university with limited communicative competence. This gap raises important concerns about the effectiveness of foundational English instruction in tertiary education. This study aimed to explore the classroom practices used in a Basic English course at BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT) to identify which teaching methods best support student learning. Using a qualitative case study design, data were collected through 27 non-participant classroom observations and 14 semi-structured interviews with both teachers and students. Thematic analysis was applied to examine how different instructional techniques influenced student engagement and learning outcomes. Findings showed that while traditional methods like the Grammar-Translation Method (GTM) helped build students’ grammatical and writing skills, communicative strategies such as role-playing, task-based activities, and context-driven discussions enhanced student interaction and confidence. Teachers played a key role in balancing both approaches, while this active involvement contributed to more successful learning outcomes. These results suggest that combining structured instruction with communicative techniques can more effectively develop foundational English skills. The study recommends updating university English curricula and teacher training programs to include blended instructional models that promote both accuracy and real-world language use.

Effect of Cognitive Load Management on Physics Achievement at the Secondary Level

Dr. Afifa Khanam — 2025-03-31

Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) describes that the human brain has a limited working memory with restricted storage and processing capacity. Thus, cognitive load management plays an important role in the preparation of instructional design. Managing cognitive load while teaching subjects like science or mathematics, where problem-solving and high cognitive activity are involved, can enhance effective learning. The current study investigates the effect of cognitive load management on Physics achievement at the secondary level. A quasi-experimental pre- and post-test control group design was used for the CLT intervention. Sixty-four secondary school students, male and female, from a public school, studying the subject of Physics, were taken as the study group. They were randomly distributed into control and experimental groups (N = 32 each). A concept-based, researcher-made pre- and post-test (MCQs) was administered to both groups before and after the intervention (9 months). The pre- and post-test scores of the experimental and control groups were compared using an independent sample t-test. Within-group differences in scores were determined through a paired sample t-test. The experimental group exhibited a significant increase in scores on the concepts of Physics as compared to the control group. The study has implications for the use of precise and evidence-based strategies for reducing cognitive workload in other subjects to promote effective and long-lasting learning.

Homophobia, Rejection and Mental Problems: A Critical Stylistic Study of Marriage of a Thousand Lies

Muhammad Nauman — 2025-03-31

This study’s main focus is to draw attention to difficulties and challenges faced by LGBT individuals. In this study, the researcher examines the author’s discursive construction of queer issues and themes in S J Sindu’s novel Marriage of a Thousand Lies. The author portrays of queer issues and themes in the novel are incredible. In order to examine the discursive construction of queer issues, the chosen novel presents a distinctive opportunity to examine and investigate the discursive construction of queer issues such as Homophobia, parental and societal rejection, mental health issues, and intersectionality of Queer Issues in a particular literary work. The researcher prime objective is to examine the novelist’s use of language and other literary techniques to represent queer issues and themes in Marriage of a Thousand Lies. Queer theory provides the theoretical basis for this study. In order to understand the deeper meaning of purposely chosen text and the cultural and social contexts in which it is situated, the researcher employs Critical Stylistics, Lesley Jeffries’ ten tools, as a method of data analysis. This study uses a qualitative approach to analyze the chosen texts in light of the study's research objectives. Both primary and secondary sources provided data for this study.

Classroom Management and Students Achievement in Lahore’s Private Secondary Schools

Shandana Riaz — 2025-03-31

Effective classroom management (CM) is widely acknowledged as a cornerstone of pedagogical success and a determinant of academic achievement. This Quantitative study examined the relationship between CM practices and student academic performance in ten private secondary schools in Lahore. Quantitative data were collected from 200 students and 50 teachers using validated Likert-type instruments assessing structural (rules, routines, organization) and supportive (feedback, fairness, participation) dimensions of management. Descriptive analysis indicated generally favorable perceptions of classroom management among students (M = 3.73 ± 0.43), with high engagement in rule clarity, organization, and motivational practices. Independent-samples t-tests revealed no significant group difference in perceived CM between structured and unstructured classrooms (p = 0.663) but a strong and significant difference in academic achievement (p < 0.001). One-way ANOVA results confirmed that supportive-dominant strategies were associated with higher mean academic performance (p < 0.001). A robust positive correlation (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) between CM and achievement reinforced the predictive power of effective management. The results substantiate that structured and supportive management practices characterized by explicit routines, consistent reinforcement, and relational warmth significantly enhance academic outcomes even when perceived climates appear similar across classrooms. The study contributes locally grounded evidence to Pakistan’s education discourse and responds to international calls for context-sensitive, practice-specific research. Findings underscore that investing in teacher capacity for proactive, feedback-rich management represents a cost-effective pathway to raising student achievement within resource-constrained environments.

Emotional Dissociation, Suicidal Ideation and Apathy: An Analysis of Climate Trauma in Sam J Miller Blackfish City

Abdul Wahab — 2025-03-31

This research paper endeavours to examine Climate Trauma in Sam J Miller’s Blackfish City (2018). Miller’s novel portrays the characters suffering from Climate Trauma exhibiting symptoms such as suicidal thoughts, pre-anxiety, apathy, emotional dissociation and other ecologically induced mental distresses. The major character, Fill, is a victim of Climate Trauma and he exhibits Climate Trauma through his psychological distresses like emotional dissociation, numbness and apathy. This research paper gathers and interprets relevant textual evidence of Climate Trauma and its symptoms while employing close reading to select relevant text and textual analysis to analysis the selected text in the light of the theory and context. The analysis concludes that Climate Trauma is a real ontological, epistemological and psychological rupture which is the result of the chronic, ever-present and imagined ecological calamites. In the novel, Fill’s condition is shown to stem from the way he is disconnected from nature at various level. It demonstrates that his Climate Trauma is due to his mechanistic, materialistic and reductionistic world view. The significance of the paper lies in its contribution to the growing field of ecocriticism; and aims to engage literary scholars and explore it in new ways.

The Influence of Mental Well Being, Cognitive Ability, Personality Traits, and Emotional Intelligence on Self-Esteem Among Hearing-Impaired Students In Pakistan

Shoaib Raza — 2025-03-25

Objectives: Hearing-impaired students in Pakistan face significant educational and social challenges, often experiencing lower self-esteem due to communication barriers and societal stigma. This study examines the relationships between mental well-being (MWB), cognitive ability (CA), personality traits (PT), emotional intelligence (EI), and self-esteem (SE) among hearing-impaired students.

Methods: Data were collected from 300 students in 10 special education schools using validated survey instruments. Structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyse the relationships among the study constructs.

Results: The findings indicate that MWB, CA, and PT significantly influence SE, highlighting their crucial role in fostering psychological well-being. However, EI's moderating effect was largely non-significant, except for PT, suggesting that personality resilience enhances self-esteem when coupled with emotional intelligence. Cognitive assessments revealed higher memory scores among male students, while guardians’ hearing status did not significantly impact students’ attention performance.

Conclusions: This study shows the importance of targeted interventions to enhance MWB, cognitive skills, and personality development among hearing-impaired students. EI training is beneficial yet its impact appears limited unless combined with broader psycho-social support. Findings contribute to policy recommendations for special education, advocating for inclusive programs and psychological support for hearing-impaired students in Pakistan.

Metaphysical Mentorship for Holistic Development of Adolescents: A Qualitative Need Analysis

Adeela Hussain — 2024-12-31

This qualitative study investigates expert perspectives with the purpose of need analysis regarding metaphysical mentoring in the educational environment, with an emphasis on how it could support adolescents’ holistic development. Metaphysical mentoring is an integrated approach that addresses themes that aren't included in regular curricula, such as the meanings of life, values, purpose, and connections. It has been demonstrated that these factors affect moral development, identity, and emotional resilience of students. Within a qualitative paradigm, the study explored the scope of Metaphysical Mentoring through semi-structured interviews with educational professionals and experts in Punjab. Thematic analysis of their thought-provoking reflections established that metaphysical mentoring offers a safe space for teens to develop their own values and contemplate existential issues, leading to their holistic development.

Practical issues, including curriculum limitations, cultural skepticism, and the requirement for facilitators with specialised training, were additionally brought up by the participants. The study suggests that schools should employ reflective, goal-oriented mentoring techniques to promote inclusive adolescent well-being. Further study is recommended to fully comprehend the practicality and results of these mentoring strategies.

Negotiating Queer Identity and Marriage of Convenience: A study of Marriage of a Thousand Lies

Muhammad Nauman — 2024-12-31

This study's primary goal is to highlight the difficulties and issues LGBT people experience. In this study, the researcher examines the ways in which the novel Marriage of a Thousand Lies discursively constructs queer concerns and themes. The novel selected for this study offers an opportunity to investigate the queer issues of closet, coming out, marriage of convenience and how these issues discursively constructed by author in SJ Sindu’s Marriage of a Thousand Lies. The researcher main objective is to examine how the novelist uses linguistic and other techniques in the novel under study to portray queer issues and experiences. The theoretical foundation for study is provided by queer theory. The researcher also uses Critical Stylistics, Lesley Jeffries’ Ten tools, as a method of data analysis that focuses on analyzing a text's linguistic and stylistic elements to understand texts' deeper meanings as well as the social and cultural settings in which they are situated. Considering the goal of the research, a qualitative method is used to examine the selected texts. To obtain the data for this study, primary and secondary sources were both used.

The Impact of Location and Transportation on Shopping Mall Performance: A Case Study of Boulevard and Magnum Malls, Hyderabad

Hira Soomro — 2024-12-31

This study explores the link between shopping mall accessibility and consumer preferences in Hyderabad, Pakistan, focusing on Boulevard Mall and Magnum Mall. As urbanization and mall culture expand in Hyderabad Pakistan, accessibility defined by location and transport connectivity has become crucial for attracting visitors. A quantitative survey of 500 respondents, split equally between both malls, examined the roles of transport mode, gender, and location in shaping consumer behaviour. Findings show a high reliance on private vehicles (61.6%), with limited use of public transport (10.8%). Boulevard Mall drew most visitors (84.6%), likely due to its proximity to residential areas and superior transport links. However, correlation and regression analyses found weak and statistically insignificant relationships between transport, gender, and location with mall preference. This suggests that other factors such as amenities, design, or brand offerings may play a larger role. The study highlights the need for integrated transport and urban planning to promote accessible and sustainable retail development.

Navigating the Female agency of the Third world woman between Western interventionism and Local Patriarchal Norms in Waldman’ SA Door in the Earth

Dr. Abdul Rashid — 2024-12-25

The present study is aimed to examine the female agency of the Third world woman between the Western interventionism and local patriarchal norms of the third world woman in Waldman’ s novel A Door in the Earth . The character of Parveen is dual agent between the patriarchal dominance against woman in Afghanistan and the Western interventional structures and norms of the America against Third World and its women. Parveen was born in Afghanistan and brought up in America but later on she moves to study the plight of women in Afghanistan. The theoretical insights for the present study had been taken from Mohanty’s (1988) "Under Western Eyes", which argues "Third World woman" as a universally oppressed. The findings of the study reveal that the Third World woman is not only oppressed by the patriarchal norms of the third world but by the interventionist norms of the West as well. In this way, third world woman is doubly oppressed. By interrogating the savior narrative and the internal gendered hierarchies, the study argues that A Door in the Earth, challenges the dominant discourses of liberation and oppression and how agency can be negotiated within and beyond these structures.

Quality Education at the Undergraduate Level: Perspectives of Undergraduates

Nazia Saeed — 2024-12-25

The study investigated quality education at the undergraduate level from the perspectives of undergraduate students. The study examined whether the teachers make the goals and standards clear to the learners at the beginning of the courses, use proper assessment and teaching methods, the programs make the students independent learners, improve their generic skills, and make the learners independent. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from the undergraduate students at two public sector universities through a 36-item Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) validated by Wilson et al. (1997) with 6 dimensions, results showed that majority of the students agreed that teachers made the goals and standards clear, the program developed generic skills, teachers used proper teaching and assessment methods, and the workload was appropriate. However, a significant number of participants either disagreed or were uncertain about the dimensions. It indicates that there is further scope for improvement in all the dimensions. The study recommends that teachers further focus on sharing the course objectives and standards expected from graduates in their course. There is a need for better communication between teachers and students. Universities may review the courses to determine whether they offer an appropriate workload at the undergraduate level. The universities may arrange regular professional development programs with a focus on methods of teaching and assessment. Teachers may include presentations, case studies, problems, and critical analysis to improve the generic skills of learners.

The Triad of India’s Military Technologies and its Implications for Strategic Stability in South Asia

Abbas Hadir Hussain — 2024-09-30

This paper explores the strategic implications of India's adoption of advanced military technologies, including Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicles (MIRV), AI-enhanced surveillance systems, and sophisticated missile defense capabilities, on the stability of South Asia. As India integrates these cutting-edge technologies, the regional balance of power may be significantly altered, potentially lowering the nuclear threshold and destabilizing established crisis management mechanisms. The deployment of MIRVs, in particular, introduces a new layer of complexity to atomic deterrence, increasing the risk of miscalculations and inadvertent escalation during crises. Furthermore, the technological advancements could provoke Pakistan into an accelerated arms race, further exacerbating regional tensions. This study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive confidence-building measures (CBMs) between India and Pakistan and broader multilateral efforts to mitigate these emerging risks. The analysis draws on recent developments in India's military capabilities, emphasizing the importance of diplomatic engagement and transparent communication to prevent escalation and preserve regional stability in a rapidly evolving strategic environment.

A Semantic Analysis of Language of TV Commercial Slogans

Hadiqa Warraich — 2024-09-30

This paper highlights the semantics types of meanings of the slogans of TV commercials. In this paper, the researcher will discuss Semantic types of meaning by Geoffrey Leech (1981). Semantics deals with the meaning whether it is literal or non-literal. This study focuses on the semantic analysis of Pakistani TV commercials and the researcher has selected the data with very keen observation to highlight the objectives of this research paper. The researcher has limited the study only to Pakistani TV ads. The data for this study is selected year-wise from 2019- 2021. This research data highlights Emotive, Associative, Reflective, and Social meanings that are projected in a sample of the study.